{"id":603,"date":"2021-03-01T02:46:18","date_gmt":"2021-03-01T02:46:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/innovscience.com\/wordpress\/?p=603"},"modified":"2021-03-01T02:46:18","modified_gmt":"2021-03-01T02:46:18","slug":"aqueous-cationic-polymerizations-using-iodine-and-related-initiator-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/innovscience.com\/wordpress\/uncategorized\/aqueous-cationic-polymerizations-using-iodine-and-related-initiator-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"Aqueous Cationic Polymerizations Using Iodine and Related Initiator Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A little over five years ago, Dr. S.P. Lewis undertook a series of projects aimed at the green production of polymers by the cationic polymerization of olefins.  Lewis reduced to practice greater than twenty different polymerization systems, including four that operate in aqueous media.  The total number of aqueous cationic polymerization systems invented by Dr. Lewis are six in total (thus far).1<\/sup>  One such invention is briefly discussed below.  This system is unique compared to other aqueous polymerizations invented by Lewis in that it appears to have the potential to operate in a living manner.2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elemental iodine was discovered to have the ability to induce the polymerization of olefins in water.\u00a0 The two main olefins explored thus far (Table 1) are p<\/em>-methoxystyrene (PMOS) and N<\/em>-vinylcarbazole (NVC).\u00a0 Indications are that other olefins (e.g., vinyl ethers) may be susceptible to polymerization under similar conditions.\u00a0 The addition of salts to the aqueous phase appears to prolong polymerization.\u00a0 Such salts can be a source of common ions (e.g., KI, [Bu4<\/sub>N]+<\/sup>I–<\/sup>) if desired.\u00a0 Polymerizations conducted in the presence of iodide salts maintain a purple\/red color whereas those carried out in the present of chloride have more of an orange-yellow coloration (Figure 1).\u00a0 Color is also dependent on the identity of the solvent (Figure 2).\u00a0 The exact mechanism of these polymerizations has not been deduced; however, one that entails a cationic intermediate seems plausible given the increase in yield and molecular weight (MW) as the solvent polarity is raised.\u00a0 Likewise, experiments show the standard inverse relationship between reaction T and MW.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

iodine_2_28_21_Website<\/a>Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Figure 1. Aqueous polymerization of PMOS using I2<\/sub> in (left to right): CCl4<\/sub> + KI, CH2<\/sub>Cl2<\/sub> + KI, and CH2<\/sub>Cl2<\/sub> + NaCl.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Figure 2. Aqueous polymerization of PMOS, furan, and ethyl vinyl ether using I2 in (left to right): PMOS + anisole + NaCl, PMOS + hexane + NaCl, furan + anisole + NaCl, and ethyl vinyl ether + anisole + NaCl.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ring opening polymerization of heterocyclic monomers may also be feasible with similar initiator systems.\u00a0 A cursory experiment using styrene oxide seemed to indicate that epoxides might be susceptible to polymerization under these conditions and there is a possibility that other heterocycles (e.g., cyclic siloxanes, aziridines, oxazolines) could show activity.\u00a0 A partial list of such monomers is covered by Kubisa.3<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Other possible initiators include HI and carbocation synthons whereas there is the potential for use of zinc and tin halides as coinitiators.  Many techniques as devised by the Higashimura group for living polymerization under anhydrous conditions (and others) should be explored in aqueous media.3<\/sup>  Thus, living aqueous cationic polymerization might be feasible using HI + I2<\/sub> as an initiator system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More information on these polymerization systems will be disclosed in the future on this website and at www.pyramidpolymers.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Footnotes<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Footnote 1. The mechanism of one of these systems has not been definitively proven to be cationic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Footnote 2. Only preliminary experimentation has been conducted on this system and at this moment it cannot be said for certainty that the system can be made living.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Footnote 3. Cationic Polymerizations; Matyjaszewski, K., Ed.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York,1996; pp 1-768.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A little over five years ago, Dr. S.P. Lewis undertook a series of projects aimed at the green production of polymers by the cationic polymerization of olefins.  Lewis reduced to practice greater than twenty different polymerization systems, including four that … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pb8bvA-9J","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/innovscience.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/603"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/innovscience.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/innovscience.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/innovscience.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/innovscience.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=603"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/innovscience.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/603\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":613,"href":"https:\/\/innovscience.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/603\/revisions\/613"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/innovscience.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=603"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/innovscience.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=603"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/innovscience.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=603"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}